In most referenda, only two alternatives are used. In this article, the possibility to find procedures for three and more alternatives is discussed.The Swiss voting system for the revision of the constitution is not logically correct. Most procedures used in Swiss cantons are not either. Voting systems with two rounds, with points, or based on a relative majority are not defendable too. Nevertheless, a workable and logically correct procedure for 3 alternatives exists.Using 4 of more alternatives is only possible in (...) case of single-peakedness or some kinds of value-restrictedness. When this is not the case, systems which are logically correct, are getting too complex to be workable. (shrink)

Phrasing the question is one of the most delicate points of a referendum. A first problem is to choose the most important alternatives. Several procedures to select these alternatives and to avoid some kinds of manipulation, exist. There are a lot of arguments for the voting on principles, but also a lot against.The Swiss criterion for «unity of matter» is not workable; a new criterion is proposed. The danger of suggestivity is real. Rules to prevent these dangers are discussed. Finally, (...) some remarks are made on the problem «who decides on the question?». A neutral commission is wishful. (shrink)

The chapters in this book highlight the multifaceted nature of the process of scientific research.

We propose an account of the subject’s cognition that allows for a full articulation of the phenomenon of ideology. We argue that ideology operates at the level of the a priori: it transcendentally conditions the intelligibility of thought and practice. But we draw from strands of post-Kantian philosophy of science and social philosophy in repudiating Kant’s view that the a priori is necessary and fixed. Instead, we argue, it is contingent, and therefore revisable. More precisely, it is conditioned materially: it (...) must be understood as an activity, continuous with and shaped by material social practice. We conclude with some remarks about the possibility of agency over one’s relativized, materially conditioned a priori; that is, over the possibility of critique. (shrink)

Este texto tiene por objetivo investigar los orígenes del movimiento ideológico anarco-feminista en el Río de la Plata, examinando las circunstancias históricas que propiciaron su surgimiento y que lo caracterizaron. Analizando sus posturas y opiniones contenidas en su principal medio impreso de difusión: el periódico La Voz de la Mujer, las bases de su pensamiento crítico, libertario y emancipatorio respecto a la condición de la mujer, contenidos en su consigna: ni dios, ni patrón, ni marido. Así como sus repercusiones en (...) las transformaciones sociales que se gestaron a finales del siglo XIX.Palabras clave: Feminismo. Anarquismo. Río de la Plata. La Voz de la Mujer. AbstractThis text aims to investigate the origins of the anarcho-feminist ideological movement in the Río de la Plata, examining the historical circumstances that led to its emergence and characterized it. Analyzing their positions and opinions contained in their main print media: the newspaper La Voz de la Mujer, the bases of their critical, libertarian and emancipatory thinking regarding the condition of the women, contained in their slogan: neither god, nor boss, nor husband. As well as its repercussions in the social transformations that took place at the end of the 19th century.Keywords: Feminism. Anarchism. Río de la Plata. La Voz de la Mujer. (shrink)

Partiendo de los aportes de una serie de estudios que desde una perspectiva socio-histórica han indagado en el proceso de construcción social de la categoría de desocupado, el artículo analiza el modo en que la falta de trabajo en personas válidas es problematizada en la obra de Karl Marx. Sostenemos que, si bien no hay en los desarrollos del pensador alemán una conceptualización del desocupado en su sentido moderno, sus contribuciones a través del estudio de la sobrepoblación relativa y del (...) lumpenproletariado dejaron sentadas ciertas bases para la puesta en forma de dicha categoría social y de intervención pública casi medio siglo más tarde.El artículo se plantea como una introducción a la pregunta por el papel que jugaron los primeros socialistas marxistas argentinos en la introducción de una perspectiva novedosa de interpretación de la falta de ocupación, forjada en diálogo con las ideas marxistas en circulación en el contexto internacional y en abierta disputa con las percepciones de la época. (shrink)

En este artículo, partiendo de un análisis del "De beata uita" y del "Praeceptum", el autor quiere demostrar que las directrices de la antigua filosofía tuvieron un efecto más prolongado sobre Agustín, más allá de lo que puedan aportarnos los estudios sobre su punto de vista sobre la gracia o incluso sus propias palabras en "Confessiones".

Towards the end of a ramble: transfer of knowledge, embracing values and the teaching profession according to Augustine In this article the first traces of Augustine’s desire to be not only a teacher but also, in conjunction with this, a writer of protreptics are pointed out in his Soliloquia and his De catechizandis rudibus. Protrepsis and first catechesis need to coincide. In De catechizandis rudibus, he advised deacon Deogratias to clarify the Last Judgement and the resurrection of the body. These (...) two doctrines were both a pièce de resistance for pagans, and therefore also for rudes. The choice of these doctrines demonstrates Augustine’s attempt to have the deacon adopt a protreptic approach in his first catechesis – possibly without Deogratias even knowing it himself. There was no chance that the beginners would already be truly acquainted with these essential aspects of the Christian view of the world and of the future. As it turns out, the line between protrepsis and catechesis is a very fine one in this case. (shrink)

L’article soutient l’hypothèse que, loin de récuser la question de l’obligation politique, Hegel présente cette notion à nouveaux frais en s’appuyant sur la notion de Gesinnung. À travers une lecture croisée dans les Principes de la philosophie du droit de l’introduction à l’éthicité et de certains paragraphes consacrés au droit étatique interne, l’article se penche sur les concepts de droiture et de patriotisme, ce dernier représentant la véritable disposition politique. Dans le sillage de l’interprétation institutionnaliste de Hegel, le propos de (...) cette étude est de mettre en relief les affinités entre la conception hégélienne et la théorie associative de l’obligation. (shrink)

Uiteenzetting over de levensleer van de Latijnse kerkvader (354-430), uitgewerkt aan de hand van 'waarachtigheid', een kernbegrip uit zijn gedachtegoed.

O presente texto tem por objetivo expor a tematização de J. Chasin acerca da natureza da política em Karl Marx. Segundo Chasin, a crítica marxiana à política tem caráter ontológico, permitindo conhecer o significado maior do ideário marxiano: a distinção necessária entre revolução política e emancipação humana. Tema de fundo que permeia diretamente os propósitos marxianos de revolver e transformar a anatomia da sociedade civil na direção da emancipação humana. Em outras palavras, segundo Chasin, a problemática nodal do pensamento marxiano (...) é a emancipação humana, tema, ele mesmo, decorrente imediato da própria determinação marxiana da individualidade humana: ser ativo e social, autoconstrutor de si e de sua mundaneidade, ainda que de modo contraditório e estranhado. Chasin determina, desse modo, que é na condição de raiz que a crítica ontológica à política se põe e é trabalhada por Marx, de sorte que a não compreensão do sentido real da crítica ao complexo categorial da politicidade – o poder, a política e o estado - reduz, quando não obstaculiza, o real acesso ao texto marxiano. (shrink)

RESUMEN Largamente desatendida o malinterpretada, la noción de caos en la filosofía de Nietzsche es una pieza constitutiva de la particular concepción del ser que este autor habría dejado apenas esbozada. El artículo se propone elaborar este concepto en la obra nietzscheana, siguiendo algunas de las metáforas que lo iluminan. Desde allí se busca plantear los rasgos centrales de una ontologia del caos, de sesgo no metafísico, que, al afirmar el carácter acontecimental de la realidad, puede verse como precursora de (...) la ontología hermenéutica contemporánea. ABSTRACT The notion of chaos, which has long been neglected or misinterpreted, is a constitutive element of a peculiar conception of being that the philosopher only had time to outline. The objective of this article is to elaborate on this concept in Nietzschean philosophy, guided by some of the metaphors that shed light on it. This serves as the basis to set forth the main characteristics of a non-metaphysical ontology of chaos that asserts the eventful nature of reality and can thus be seen as a precursor of contemporary hermeneutic ontology. (shrink)

Geschiedenis van het verschuivende mens- en wereldbeeld tijdens de achttiende eeuw waardoor de nadruk kwam te liggen op de ratio.

Nos proponemos un doble objetivo en el siguiente trabajo: por un lado, analizar historiográficamente la aplicación del concepto de “hacienda bipartita” en la historia de la agricultura romana; por el otro, analizar un caso específico al cual podría aplicársele este concepto: la finca sabina de Horacio.

Este trabajo es el ganador de la IV Olimpiada de Filosofía que organiza FICUM en la modalidad de secundaria y bachillerato, para promocionar la filoosfía entre los jóvenes.

Descartes is often presented as the "father" of modern subjectivity, because of his identification of thinking and being (cogito ergo sum).However, the autonomy of the cogito rests for its validation on the idea of the infinite. Consequently, what is the relation between the subject and that idea? This article tries to elucidate the complex role of an idea which, as Descartes himself seemed to admit, is very ambiguous, being "cognoscibilis et effabilis" and "ineffabilis et incomprehensibilis" at the same time. This (...) ambiguity, as is argued, determines the very nature of the "Cartesian subject" as such, and that Descartes describes as being "something intermediate between God and nothingness". What is this "between"? (shrink)

Max Weber's century old thesis on christian ethics and the spirit of capitalism, has been the object of an endless discussion. This has much to do with the interest of the author: Weber was neither intrigued by the fact of a connection between protestantism and capitalism, nor by the influence of Calvinism on the development of the modern capitalism. His interest, however, was exclusively focused on the question 'how can the relation between protestant ethic and capitalism be conceived and reconstructed'. (...) We try to explain many misconceptions by recovering what Weber really has said. Therefore the concepts of 'spirit of capitalism' and 'protestant ethic' are clarified and discussed. First, the spirit of capitalism is not an economic system, but an ethos. The definition of it in respect with the content, the motivation, the aim, and morality is elaborated in a comparison with the commercial ethos of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. This makes clear that Weber's first concern was an analysis of the origin of the modern spirit, not as an intellectual construction, but as an expression of behavior. Second, we investigate what is meant by the terms 'protestantism' and 'ethics' and what the religious roots of the new spirit are: innerworldly ascetism, the notion of calling, and the concepts of wealth and poverty. It is no wonder that there was a lot of criticism because Weber's writings on the above topic were situated on the crossroads of sociology, theology, history and economy. We present and comment on the main criticisms: protestantism rejects capitalism; the spirit of capitalism is much older than the Reformation; there is no monocausal relation between the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism; the role of catholicism in this development was as/more important in the rise of capitalism. Most of these criticisms result from a superficial presentation of Weber's writings and explanations in his own Anticritics, and don't do justice to Weber's 'idealtypische' and 'verstehende' approach. This approach was not intended to give a complete and exhaustive 'last' explanation of the essence of a social phenomenon. (shrink)